Armies are the products of the societies that create them. In 1775, when patriot leaders formed the Continental army, they were informed by their own experiences and their knowledge of the British army. Thus, the Continental Congress created a corps of officers who were gentlemen and a body of soldiers who were not. Caroline Cox shows that, following this decision, a great gap existed in the conditions of service between soldiers and officers of the Continental army. Her study of daily military life, punishment and military justice, medical care and burial rituals illuminates the social world of the Continental army and shows how every aspect of life reinforced the distinctions of rank. At a time when existing social arrangements were increasingly challenged by war and political rhetoric that embraced the equal rights of men, Cox shows that change crept slowly into American military life.