This volume considers the nature and future of philosophy in a post-metaphysical age. In the first part, Habermas examines the legacy of Kant and assesses some recent attempts to return to metaphysical modes of thought. While sceptical of these attempts, Habermas also rejects the radical critique of reason which is espoused by some contemporary philosophers who have been influenced by Nietzsche. In the second part, Habermas develops and defends the concept of communicative reason. He focuses on two specific themes: the formation of identity and the ineffableness of the individual; and the relation between philosophy, scientific knowledge and literature.